『部分工程文件点我下载』
『知乎转载链接』
『有点相关的Unreal Circle演讲』
Summary
因为本文涉及到的内容比较广，关于Niagara最基础的一些部分比如怎么新建、怎样添加使用模块就不详细说明了，没用过的同学可以先看一下Epic官方文档的介绍：
Niagara核心概念
和贾越同学的系列教学直播：
https://www.bilibili.com/video/av73602807
本次工程效果：
为了实现海浪拍到岩石上激起千层浪的感觉，我们可以看到有几个表现上的关键点
- 在岩石附近生成水花
- 水花激起的时机和位置与海水的流动匹配
- 出射速度受到海水运动和石头表面的撞击情况影响
- 激起后水花的体积感
海面的模拟 – Gerstner Waves
游戏里模拟海水的途径是一门艰深的课题，本文就不多涉及了。这里为了制作需要，介绍一下相对直观实用的Gerstner Waves。
在流体动力学中，Gerstner Waves是周期表面重力波的欧拉方程方程的精确解。它计算机图形技术之前很久就出现了，用来描述不可压缩流体的表面波动。
单一Gerstner Wave材质应用在一个平面上的效果如图：
数学时间
我们可以看到每一个点不止有Z轴方向的运动，也有XY轴的运动。并且这不是一个简单的sin波而是带有‘浪尖’的波形，这些都是Gerstner Wave的重要特征。
因为篇幅原因这里就不具体说公式了，本节末尾提供了我做好的材质节点可以直接下载取用。详细算法可以参考：
Chapter 1. Effective Water Simulation from Physical Models
https://developer.download.nvidia.com/books/HTML/gpugems/gpugems_ch01.html
简单说来，定义一个波形的属性有：
[高度, 前进方向, 波长, 陡峭度]
我们定义相位φ
φ = 方向 ⋅ 位置 / 波长 + 频率 * 时间
其中
频率 = sqrt(重力 * 2π / 波长)
那么以
z轴偏移 = 高度 * sin(φ)
xy轴偏移 = 陡峭度 * 高度 * 方向 * cos(φ)
的形式去移动海面的顶点，顶点会沿着椭圆绕圈（左图），一系列的顶点组合在一起就会形成具有浪尖的波形。
引擎内实现
在引擎里的实现可以用HLSL写在Custom节点里，你也可以选择用节点连。执行效率上，节点连出来的公式和HLSL代码没有区别。
材质函数 MF_GerstnerWave
核心部分：
float3 d = float3(sin(DirectionInDegrees * 0.0174533), cos(DirectionInDegrees * 0.0174533), 0); // 为了控制方便，输入并不是一个向量而是角度，这里转换一下
float w = 6.2831854 / L;
float theta = sqrt(6.2831854 * Gravity / L); // 由波长算出频率
float q = Stiffness / (Amplitude * w); // q是控制浪尖陡峭度的系数
float phase = dot((w * d).xy, WorldPosition.xy) – theta * Time; // 喂给cos和sin的相位
float3 offset = float3(q * Amplitude * d.xy * cos(phase), Amplitude * sin(phase)); // 照抄上面公式
这部分我放在了BlueprintUE.com里，点下面链接直接把节点复制粘贴到UE材质编辑器里就可以得到图上的节点：
https://blueprintue.com/blueprint/tt5p124n/
波形叠加
显然，一条波并不能说非常炫酷，Gerstner Wave的典型做法是把多条波叠加在一起。上面提到每条波可以控制的变量有：[高度, 前进方向, 波长, 陡峭度]
要合并多个波形，首先考虑的是波长，因为能组合的波长数量有限（8个已经很多了），我们无法完全参照真实世界的海洋数据，只能尽可能利用能付出的资源。由于波长相似的wave在叠加时看起来更有错综复杂的动态表现，我们可以在输入参数里首先给一个波长的中值LengthMedian，然后让不同wave的波长围绕这个中值变化。这样只要保留所有wave的波长与LenghMedian的比例，就可以通过改变LengthMedian来调整整个海洋的波浪大小：
在定义一组waves的结构FGerstnerWavesParameters中，美术可以在海洋的蓝图Actor上直接填写LengthMedian。
接下来，美术可以手动填写各个wave和LengthMedian的比例，也可以像我一样偷懒，填一个LengthMultiplierRange然后随机选取范围内的比例，在场景里拖动Seed直到随出一个好看的组合。
类似的方法同样适用于高度, 前进方向, 陡峭度。要注意的是，wave的高度和波长存在正相关关系，简单的做法是定义一个常数比例，让每个wave高度和和波长的比例保持一致。而在定义前进方向时会类似的给出一个DirectionRange定义前进方向的范围。
Niagara GPU粒子的生成
匹配水面位移
上面说了这么多，海面Shader内的位移数据其实并不能被外界直接读取，为了让Niagara能获取到海面的位移数据从而实现位置的同步，我们需要额外做一些工作：
方块：Niagara GPU particles
因为Gerstner Wave算法是确定性的，即给定同样的 [ 高度 | 前进方向 | 波长 | 陡峭度 ] 这样一组参数，不管在哪算出来的波形都是一样一样的。所以我们只要把与海面同样的参数传入Niagara System，就可以让Niagara粒子去‘追踪‘海面的粒子。（如上图）
传参
Normal难度：
上面说到，海面的波形是由好几个不同的Gerstner Wave组成，这里我用了8个，那么需要匹配海面的形状，其实在生成浪花时我们不用考虑所有8个waves，只考虑最大的一或两级wave，视觉上就很难看出不完全吻合的细节差别了。
Hard难度:
这一块可选阅读，可以跳过，对下面内容的理解没有影响。
可是如果我觉得这样做身体不适，非想传所有数据达到完美同步呢？ 也不是没有办法。4个参数 x 8组 = 一共32个float变量，手动命名并且在蓝图里拉面条，再在Niagara模块上一个一个拖上去也不是不行.. 如果你想做得灵巧些，我发掘了一个输入数组的hack：
因为Niagara还在beta阶段，一些功能还在持续改进中，这个hack可能以后也不需要。我介绍一下的另一个原因是觉得对增加对Niagara的理解有所帮助。
开始我想把数据通过DrawToRenderTarget写到一张贴图上，让Niagara读，但因为操作太不友好并且不支持CPU粒子放弃了。后来发现Niagara里的Curve型变量是同时支持CPU和GPU的，读取也很方便。我在蓝图里把需要的变量写入到一个Curve asset里，Niagara内reimport更新就可以，很方便。
不过Curve key的格式是有讲究的，Niagara CPU sim在读curve时，直接就读对应位置的key value。但GPU sim上会首先把curve编码成一个1×128像素的Lookup table，然后再读对应位置的数据，这就导致如果key的time位置不是100%对到LUT的像素位置上，encode后会出现偏差，这个偏差在我们现在的应用中是无法容许的。
好在encode的逻辑非常直接，只是取第一个key和最后一个key的time看范围，normalize到[0.0, 1.0]之间：
所以要达到key和LUT的像素对齐，最简单的方式是让time = [0, 1, 2… 127]，这样不需要额外操作，在GPU sim上读取即可。
最后一个key的time是127.0
这样我们就实现了可以在一个curve里记录128个float值。剩下要做的就是再BP里根据一定规则把8个wave的一系列参数编码，再从Niagara模块里通过相同规则解码。这里4个参数*8个wave，规则就是很简单的按照一定间隔记录了32个值。
按照一定间隔，在整数Time上记录了每一组parameters
在Niagara module中通过类似方式解压
定义GPU粒子的碰撞行为
Distance Field Collision
系统提供的collision模块非常健全，包括CPU trace碰撞，GPU depth / distance field碰撞等分支可以在下拉菜单中选择使用。我们这里使用GPU distance field碰撞，depth碰撞比较适合比较粗犷的效果，比如下雨下雪，稍微有点问题也看不出来，但如果水浪使用depth碰撞，岩石背面屏幕看不到的地方就会出错。
我们想有一些比较细腻的控制逻辑，比如这里水花撞到石头上，如果用默认的collision碰撞，反弹是朝着下图绿色的反射向量方向飞出去的，而流体撞到刚体的行为并不是这样完美的反弹，我们更想让它偏向下图紫色的角度。
下面三个gif分别展示不同反射角度的视觉：
定义这样的碰撞行为需要自己写模块，幸运的是这种逻辑都可以用Niagara的节点实现。引擎提供的Collision模块本身是一个宝藏，里面有各种碰撞的实现方式和模块编辑的best practice。在Collision – CollisionQueryAndResponse模块中我们探索一下可以发现：
点进去最底层的模块是：
即给出world position获得global distance field的数值和gradient，和材质里的DistanceToNearestSurface / DistanceFieldGradient结果是一样的，都是GPU内的query。
知道了这些，我们就可以很方便的自己写一个简单的collision判断：
并且在后面接上上面说到的反射角和切线角的逻辑–如果发现水浪粒子进行了第一次和岩石碰撞，那么就沿着我们想要的角度给一个初速度：
距离优化
同时因为有了distance field信息，可以在particle spawn时判断水浪粒子是否在岩石附近，如果不在就直接删除。
Smear
水花的材质想做好也是一项涉及很广的任务，我这里就是用了一个比较简单的云的贴图，稍微加工了下。值得一提的是通过particle的速度可以在材质里实现速度拉伸效果，对表达浪花飞溅的夸张形态非常有帮助：
实现方式也很简单，因为粒子sprite是朝向camera的，我们只要以local position和移动速度的点积缩放sprite即可：
Букмекер Флагман Букмекер Флагман
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I’ve been burned more times than a cheap steak at a tourist trap. Then you actually show up to get the keys. Completely different car waiting for you — smells like stale cigarettes, check engine light glowing, and that “great rate”? Doesn’t include the mandatory $35 daily toll pass, the $200 cleaning fee, or the $75 “after-hours pickup” charge. Sixteen years in Miami and these tricks still pop up like bad weeds. luxury car rental in miami. Miami without real wheels is basically a slow death. leather seats that won’t stick to your back in the humidity. most are just pretty websites hiding the same old garbage. Finally found one that actually keeps its word. prices move fast so check them out:
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I’ve been burned more times than a cheap steak at a tourist trap. Then you actually show up to get the keys. Plus they put a $3500 hold on your card and say “it’ll drop off in 7-10 days”. Sixteen years in Miami and these tricks still pop up like bad weeds. luxury car rental miami florida. anyone who’s taken the bus in August knows I’m not lying. Design District shopping, late-night South Beach cruising, or a spontaneous Keys trip — AC must be freezing and unlimited miles or walk. I’ve tried so many rental companies I’ve lost count. no tricks, no switch, no surprise fees. Here’s the only honest place for premium rentals across South Florida
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I’ve been burned more times than a cheap steak at a tourist trap. You find this amazing offer online — beautiful car, great rate, everything seems perfect. Completely different car waiting for you — smells like stale cigarettes, check engine light glowing, and that “great rate”? Doesn’t include the mandatory $35 daily toll pass, the $200 cleaning fee, or the $75 “after-hours pickup” charge. Honestly, I’m tired of this nonsense. because it literally does. Miami without real wheels is basically a slow death. Design District shopping, late-night South Beach cruising, or a spontaneous Keys trip — AC must be freezing and unlimited miles or walk. most are just pretty websites hiding the same old garbage. no tricks, no switch, no surprise fees. Here’s the only honest place for premium rentals across South Florida
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I’ve stepped on enough landmines to write a guidebook. Then you actually go to pick it up. Completely different car waiting — bald tires, smell like someone lived in it, and that “fair rate”? Doesn’t include the mandatory $45 daily toll pass or the $350 “location fee” they spring on you. Fool me eighteen times? That’s just the 305 way of life. luxury car rental miami fl. Miami without proper wheels is basically impossible. leather seats that won’t brand your legs in July. I’ve tested so many rental companies I’ve honestly lost count. what you book is what shows up, period. rates change daily so check them out:
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Okay folks gather round — another Miami rental horror story coming at you. You see this killer deal online — brand new Mercedes, unlimited miles, price that makes you want to book immediately. Completely different car sitting there — scratches everywhere, smells like someone hotboxed it for a week, and that “killer price”? Doesn’t include the mandatory $45 daily insurance or the $400 “destination fee” they add at the very end. Thirteen years in South Florida and these clowns still almost get me. miami car rental luxury — stay far away from the airport rental counters. Miami without proper wheels is basically a nightmare. leather seats that won’t fuse to your skin in the August heat. I’ve tested maybe 70 rental companies across Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach. no games, no bait-and-switch, no hidden fees buried on page 4 of the contract. Here’s the only straight shooter for premium rides across South Florida
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Okay real talk — Miami rentals are a minefield and someone needs to say it. You find this tempting offer online — gorgeous convertible, fair daily rate, looks like a steal. Completely different car waiting — bald tires, smell like someone lived in it, and that “fair rate”? Doesn’t include the mandatory $45 daily toll pass or the $350 “location fee” they spring on you. Fool me eighteen times? That’s just the 305 way of life. luxury car rental miami fl. anyone who’s tried the trolley knows the struggle. leather seats that won’t brand your legs in July. I’ve tested so many rental companies I’ve honestly lost count. what you book is what shows up, period. Here’s the only honest source for premium rides across South Florida
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Okay real talk — Miami rentals are a minefield and someone needs to say it. You find this tempting offer online — gorgeous convertible, fair daily rate, looks like a steal. Completely different car waiting — bald tires, smell like someone lived in it, and that “fair rate”? Doesn’t include the mandatory $45 daily toll pass or the $350 “location fee” they spring on you. Eighteen years in South Florida and these clowns still almost get me. miami car rental luxury — run away from the airport counters. anyone who’s tried the trolley knows the struggle. South Beach night out, Design District shopping, or a spontaneous Keys trip — AC must be arctic and unlimited miles non-negotiable. most are polished turds with fake reviews. Finally found one outfit that doesn’t play games. rates change daily so check them out:
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Swear this city never fails to surprise me with new ways to get ripped off. Then you actually drive to the rental lot. Completely different car sitting there — scratches everywhere, smells like someone hotboxed it for a week, and that “killer price”? Doesn’t include the mandatory $45 daily insurance or the $400 “destination fee” they add at the very end. Thirteen years in South Florida and these clowns still almost get me. luxury car rental miami fl. Miami without proper wheels is basically a nightmare. leather seats that won’t fuse to your skin in the August heat. I’ve tested maybe 70 rental companies across Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach. no games, no bait-and-switch, no hidden fees buried on page 4 of the contract. Here’s the only straight shooter for premium rides across South Florida
premium car hire https://luxury-car-rental-miami-13.com Yeah parking in Wynwood will cost you a nice dinner — but that’s just the Miami tax. drive safe and definitely skip that “tire protection” upsell — pure robbery.
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Swear this city never fails to surprise me with new ways to get ripped off. Then you actually drive to the rental lot. Completely different car sitting there — scratches everywhere, smells like someone hotboxed it for a week, and that “killer price”? Doesn’t include the mandatory $45 daily insurance or the $400 “destination fee” they add at the very end. Thirteen years in South Florida and these clowns still almost get me. miami luxury car rental. Miami without proper wheels is basically a nightmare. South Beach night out, Design District shopping spree, or a spontaneous Keys trip — AC must be arctic cold and unlimited miles non-negotiable. I’ve tested maybe 70 rental companies across Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach. no games, no bait-and-switch, no hidden fees buried on page 4 of the contract. Here’s the only straight shooter for premium rides across South Florida
exotic rentals in miami beach https://luxury-car-rental-miami-13.com also bring polarized shades unless you enjoy driving into the sun like a blind bat every evening. Anyway glad there’s at least one honest rental joint left in this town.
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